Australian Natural Resources Atlas

Natural Resource Topics

Rangelands - Overview

Location map of Darling Riverine Plains bioregion

Darling Riverine Plains

Summary

ATSIC Boundaries Catchment Basins Statistical Local Areas

Introduction

The Darling Riverine Plains covers an area of 105,500 sq. kms. 90% of the bioregion is within New South Wales and the remainder is in Queensland. It includes the floodplains associated with a dense network of tributaries of the Darling River that extends from Trangie in the south to Dirranbandi in the north across the Queensland border. It also includes a long and narrow section of the floodplain of the Darling River that extends downstream from Bourke to Menindee.

According to the ANZECC definition, around 27% of this bioregion is regarded as being within the rangelands, although the rangelands area is in fact more likely to represent around 60-70% of the bioregion. The eastern strip of the bioregion, east of the Western Division in New South Wales and in Queensland is not regarded as rangelands and is subject to much more intensive land use. This summary focuses on the rangelands portion of the bioregion.

Natural Environment

Climate

The rangelands portion of the bioregion is within the hot dry zone with cooler winters. At Bourke the mean temperatures ranges from 4.7? C - 17.9 C in winter and from 20.9 C - 36.4? C in summer. Temperatures are on average up to several degrees lower in the southern most parts of the bioregion.

The annual rainfall across the Darling Riverine Plains ranges between 225mm and 625mm. Bourke has a mean annual rainfall of 355mm, decreasing in the south to 243mm at Menindee. Summer rainfall is more predominant in the bioregion, although there is a trend for more uniform rainfall throughout the year in the southern parts of the bioregion.

For further details on climate averages in this region refer to the Bureau of Meteorology site: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/map/climate_avgs/a53.shtml.

For monthly rainfall and temperature graphs refer to Bureau of Meteorology website: www.bom.gov.au/climate/forms/map_forms/new_imagemaps/nsw_name.html.

Current seasonal conditions and their historical context can be provided by satellite imagery. The Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a measure of the vegetation 'greenness'. The NDVI for the Darling Riverina Plains bioregion for this year and previous years can be found at: http://www.ea.gov.au/land/monitoring/ttrace/drp.html.

Landforms and hydrology

The Darling Riverine Plains is within the Murray Darling Basin. Major rivers that feed into the Darling River upstream of Bourke include the Culgoa, Barwon, Gwydir, Namoi, Castlereagh, Macquarie and Bogan Rivers.

The Darling Riverine Plains bioregion has extensive alluvial deposits associated with the Darling River. These deposits form extensive plains, with slopes to the west and south of less than one degree. The extensive network of rivers and creeks that flow into the Darling River are the single most defining feature of the bioregion.

The Darling Riverine Plain is noted for the many wetlands associated with the river system. There wetland systems include:

Macquarie Marshes - These are located on the lower Macquarie River near Warren. It has extensive areas of reeds and woodlands of river red gum.

Narran Lakes - These are lakes and wetlands associated with the Narran River west of Walgett. They are the result of a terminal drainage basin that creates large swamps before it finishes in a large lake.

Talyawalka Anabranch and Teryawynia Creek -These are wetlands between Wilcannia and Menindee formed by the Talyawalka Anabranch of the Darling River and its distributory Teryawynia CreekMany of the lakes associated with this wetland system are only subject to intermittent inundation and carry black box woodland. When they do flood these woodlands provide excellent habitat for waterbirds (Morton, et. al., 1995).

RAMSAR site of international importance within the Darling River Plains bioregion include Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve, Gwydir Wetland and Narran Lakes Nature Reserve. For more information about these sites refer to: www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/environm/wetlands/ramsar/siteindx.htm

For more detailed geological information and map refer to the Australian Geological Survey Organisation website: www.agso.gov.au/map/ and the Mineral Resources New South Wales: http://www.minerals.nsw.gov.au/.

For further details on wetlands within the bioregion refer to:

www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/environm/wetlands/directory/wetdir.htm.

Soils

Soils in the region are mainly alluvial. The northern alluvial fans between Moree and Bourke consist of extensive and fertile plains.

The mid Darling alluvials occur along the stretch of the river from Bourke to Wilcannia, where the river is underlain by Palaeozoic (251-545 million years ago) sediments.

The lower Darling alluvials occur further downstream than Wilcannia and contain more recent Cainozoic sediments (less than 65 million years ago) as well as aeolian sands. Away from the Darling River floodplain there are other soils types including red earths.

For further information on soils refer to the Murray-Darling Basin Soil Information at: www.brs.gov.au/mdbsis.

Vegetation

There are two major riverine communities (river red gum woodlands and black box woodlands) and vegetation associated with the drier areas away from waterways (semi-arid eucalypt woodlands).

River red gum woodlands occur along the fringes of the Darling River, adjacent flats and associated billabongs and swamps where flooding is common. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) forms an overstorey of up to 30m. Black box (Eucalyptus la.giflorens), coolibah (Eucalyptus coolabah) and river coobah (Acacia stenophylla) may also occur. Lignum (Muehlenbeckia florulenta) is also common in the understorey. The ground layer is a mixture of mainly herbaceous species, which varies seasonally and responds quickly to receding floods. Patches of cumbungi (Typha spp.) and rushes (Juncus spp.) may occur on the edge of the rivers, billabongs and lakes.

Black box and coolibah woodlands occur on alluvial plains subject to periodic inundation and associated minor and ephemeral creeks. These woodlands are extensively used for grazing, and the ground layer consists of Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.), neverfail (Eragrostis setifolia) and bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) although if over-utilised they are often dominated by annual grasses and herbs including many introduced species.

In low-lying areas in the south of the region, old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) occasionally forms the main shrub layer. Bladder saltbushand thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens) may also occur, forming a shrubland with little or no overstorey. Occasionally, canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) is a component of black box woodlands on swampy sites.

Semi-arid eucalypt woodlands occur on the drier sites away from watercourses including poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea), red box (Eucalyptus intertexta) and silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), along with other species such as white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). On heavy soils there is a usually limited shrub understorey and a ground layer dominated by grasses such as bunched kerosene grass (Aristida contorta) and speargrass (Stipa spp.).

On red earths, additional low trees include wilga (Geijera parviflora), belah (Casuarina cristata), ironwood (Acacia excelsa), and kurrajong (Brachychitonpopulneus).

Shrubs such as broad-leaf hop-bush (Dodonaea viscosa), turpentine bush (Eremophila sturtii), budda (Eremophila mitchellii) and punty bush (Senna artemisioides)may be dense on the red earths particularly where there has been a high level of disturbance from grazing and reduced fire regimes. These species are known as woody weeds.

Much of the bioregion is now covered by the ongoing development of five separate Regional Vegetation Management Plans to ensure protection and management of the vegetation resources. The complete plans are expected by the end of 2001.

Fauna

There have been 110 bird species, 56 mammal species, 19 species of amphibians and 89 species of reptiles recorded within the Darling Riverine Plains bioregion.

The worm-skink (Anomalopus mackayi) is largely confined to the region, although it extends a little to the north-east. It is at risk as its habitat has been cleared for cropping or degraded by grazing (Morton, et. al., 1995).

The two-spined blackfish (Gadopsis bispinosus), murray jollytail (Galaxis rostratus), australian rainbowfish (Melantaenia fluviatilis), macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica), murray cod (Maccullochella peeli) and silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) are endemic to the Murray-Darling system

A total of eight endangered fauna species have been recorded in the Darling Riverine Plains. These are the australian bustard (Ardeotis australis), bush stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius), five-clawed worm-skink (Anomalopus mackayi), kultarr (Antechinomys laniger), malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), flock bronzewing (Phaps histrionica), regent parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus) and the silky mouse (Pseudomys apodemoides).

A total of 35 vulnerable fauna have been recorded in the Darling Riverine Plains. This includes seven mammal, four amphibian and reptile and 24 bird species. These include the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), little pied bat (Chalinolobus picatus), woma (Aspidites ramsayi), pale-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bitorquatus), brolga (Grus rubicundus) and the freckled duck (Stictonetta naevosa).

For more information on threatened species refer to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service at: http://www.npws.nsw.gov.au/wildlife/index.html.

Land Tenure & Use

Land tenure

The lands of the Darling Riverine Plain fall both within the administrative areas of the Western Division and the Central Division of New South Wales. Generally, lands in the Western Division are held under leasehold tenure as perpetual leases. This land comes under the jurisdiction of the Western Lands Commissioner as established by the Western Lands Act 1901. Lands within the Central Division are predominantly freehold with some leasehold land that comes under the jurisdiction of the Crown Lands Act 1989 and Crown lands (Continued Tenures) Act 1989.

There are also a number of nature reserves in the region, including Kinchega National Park, Macquarie Marshes National Park, Neary Lake and Narran Lake Nature reserves and Culgoa National Park (Morton, et. al., 1995).

Further information on conservation reserve is available at the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service website: http://www.npws.nsw.gov.au/parks/index.html.

Land use

The main grazing industries are sheep and cattle but the agricultural economy is dominated by dryland cropping and irrigated cotton, horticulture and other intensive enterprises.

Intensive agriculture occurs in areas throughout this bioregion, including within the rangelands based on the use of irrigation water from the Darling River and its tributaries. There are major irrigation areas around Bourke.

There is significant black opal mining based at Lightning Ridge and surrounding areas.

Condition Of the Landscape

Land degradation

The main cause of land degradation in the rangeland portion of this bioregion is overgrazing (Woinarski, et. al., in prep.). The area has low and unreliable rainfall and it is very difficult to manage total grazing pressure because of the impact of kangaroos, rabbits and feral pigs.

Clearing of marginal land continues in parts of the region although this is now being addressed by the Regional Vegetation Management Planning process.

The river systems and associated wetlands are extremely important aquatic environments for the conservation of native fish. A number of these species are endemic to the Murray-Darling system and their populations have declined with the changes brought about by more intense use of water, together with declining water quality.

The quality of the Darling River has come to the public attention in the past decade with occurrence of toxic algal blooms.

Pest species

One of the major pest species in this bioregion is the feral pig, which favours the riverine and wetland habitats. It is a serious pest of agricultural crops and even livestock such as lambs. It also preys on wildlife and destroys wetland habitats by rooting out vegetation. Foxes and goats also occur in this bioregion, with rabbits being of little importance except on sandy rises scattered throughout the bioregion. High populations of kangaroos can contribute significantly to total grazing pressure on pastoral leases.

Woody weeds are a problem in parts of the region, species are outlined in the vegetation section. Localised weed problems include african boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) (Woinarski, et. al., in prep.).

Social & Economic Aspects

People

The rangelands portion of the bioregion is less populated than the eastern part of the bioregion, but has a number of significant towns, reflecting the importance of the pastoral industry as well as intensive agricultural enterprises such as dryland cropping and irrigated cotton and horticulture. These towns include Menindee, Wilcannia, Bourke, Brewarrina, Nyngan, Walgett and Lightening Ridge.

Bourke is the largest town in the rangelands section of the bioregion with a population of over 3,000 although Lightening Ridge has a higher 'unofficial' population . It is a service centre for the area, with major cotton and horticultural developments including two cotton gins. Bourke started as a fort built by Major Thomas Mitchell as a defence against Aborigines who were defending their land. For many years it was known as Fort Bourke. The first paddle steamer reached the town in 1859. It then became a major river port as the Darling River became the main transport link for supplies to outback towns and pastoral properties. The river boat transport was overtaken by rail when the railway reached Bourke in the 1885.

There is a significant Aboriginal population within the region. The bioregion lies within the Bourke ATSIC region, which is managed by the Murdi Paaki Regional Council (McLennan, 1997). For more information on the Aboriginal people of this region refer to Horton (1994) and the relevant web sites on the reference list.

Resources, References & Contacts

Publications

Horton, D. R. 1994, The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra, ACT.

McLennan. W. 1997, 1994 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey: Social Atlas, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, ACT.

Morton, S. R., Short, J. & Barker, R. D., with an appendix by G. F. Griffin & G. Pearce 1995, Refugia for Biological Diversity in Arid and Semi-arid Australia, a report to the Biodiversity Unit of the Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Biodiversity Series, Paper no. 4, Dept. of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT.

O'Halloran, A.F., Semple, W.S. Irons, N.M. & Sargent, N.I. (unpub) A Review of Information Relevant to the Northern Floodplain Rangelands of Western N.S.W., Technical Report No 18 Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.

Thackway R. and Cresswell I.D. (Eds) 1995: An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: A framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program, Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.

Walker, P.J. (comp.) 1991, Land Systems of New South Wales: Technical Report No. 25, Soil Conservation Service of NSW.

Westbrooke, M., Leversha, J., & Kerr, M. (unpub.), The vegetation of the Darling Basin, in R. Breckwoldt, R. Boden (eds.) The Darling, Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra, ACT.

Woinarski J., Fensham, R., Whitehead, P. & Fisher, A., with map production by Verhagen, C. in preparation, Biodiversity in the Australian Rangelands: a Review of Changes in Status and Threatening Processes. Draft report prepared as a resource document for Project 3: Developing an Adaptive Framework for Monitoring Biodiversity in Australia's Rangelands, of the National Land and Water Resources Audit, Theme 4 (Rangelands monitoring) by the Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre, Darwin, Northern Territory.

Websites and contacts

Aboriginal languages of Australia:

http://www.dnathan.com/VL/

Aboriginal Studies WWW Virtual Library:

http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Aboriginal.html

Australian Landcare Council:

www.dpie.gov.au/agfor/landcare/org/alc.html.au

Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC):

www.atsic.org.au/about_atsic/board_regional_councillors/regional_information.htm

Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Geology of Australia:

www.agso.gov.au/map/

Bureau of Meteorology, Climate averages:

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/map/climate_avgs/a53.shtml

Bureau of Meteorology, Temperature and rainfall graphs: www.bom.gov.au/climate/forms/map_forms/new_imagemaps/nsw_name.html

Bureau of Rural Sciences, Digital Atlas of Australian Soils:

www.brs.gov.au/data/datasets/atlas/index.html

Environment Australia, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) information including bioregional information:

www.ea.gov.au/land/monitoring

Environment Australia, Wetland sites:

www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/environm/wetlands/directory/wetdir.htm

Murray-Darling Basin Commission:

http://www.mdbc.gov.au/

Murray-Darling Basin Soil Information:

www.brs.gov.au/mdbsis

Mineral Resources New South Wales:

www.minerals.nsw.gov.au/.

NSW Agriculture:

http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au

NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation:

www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/

NSW Department of Local Government:

http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Wildlife and National Parks information:

http://www.npws.nsw.gov.au/parks/index.html

http://www.npws.nsw.gov.au/wildlife/index.html

Plant Information Network System of the Royal Botanic Gardens:

www.plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au/,

Royal Botanic Gardens:

www.rbgsyd.gov.au/html/science.html

Tourism NSW:

www.tourism.nsw.gov.au/tnsw/

WEST 2000:

www.west2000.org.au

Link to the Map Maker to make a map using this information.

href="../qld/ibra-bbs.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Brigalow Belt South');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="297,45,295,45,295,47,295,48,294,50,290,57,289,58,284,59,286,65,284,64,284,66,283,68,282,70,280,70,279,72,277,74,279,76,279,78,275,80,274,77,272,76,271,73,266,76,263,83,263,84,260,92,260,91,258,89,255,94,254,98,257,97,256,100,258,102,259,100,262,107,261,110,262,114,263,117,264,112,265,117,267,130,267,139,270,150,272,152,270,155,267,156,268,160,267,163,265,160,262,163,259,162,256,163,254,165,251,163,245,160,243,158,242,159,240,158,241,156,237,152,233,151,230,155,229,156,229,155,228,157,228,159,230,161,226,160,225,162,225,162,223,161,222,156,220,159,219,162,216,162,213,164,208,165,206,160,204,161,204,158,201,158,199,156,199,146,206,139,210,141,212,139,210,134,211,130,215,130,216,127,217,122,220,117,219,108,212,101,214,97,234,96,242,94,248,96,242,81,249,76,251,71,258,70,252,54,259,49,270,48,275,49,278,50,284,53,282,49,285,46,279,47,275,45,277,44,274,43,274,41,273,40,270,36,269,34,267,36,265,36,262,35,262,34,263,30,263,30,260,31,255,32,252,34,246,37,240,42,234,48,233,49,232,47,231,50,228,50,226,55,225,54,222,57,222,60,222,65,219,67,214,71,212,71,216,68,217,63,220,56,221,56,230,44,232,43,231,32,233,27,232,29,231,27,232,23,228,13,227,11,227,11,230,12,232,11,233,6,232,5,234,1,233,0,299,0,299,43"> href="../nsw/ibra-bbs.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Broken Hill Complex');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="1,94,3,96,5,96,8,94,14,91,14,87,16,86,18,87,21,83,24,82,23,85,26,87,29,85,28,83,28,80,29,77,31,76,32,74,33,77,34,75,36,74,39,83,42,84,45,84,47,85,48,85,50,88,49,88,50,91,49,93,52,94,50,97,52,98,53,100,51,102,51,103,54,104,56,103,60,106,60,105,57,103,60,102,62,103,69,106,67,107,65,108,63,108,65,110,63,110,61,111,59,114,61,115,58,117,57,119,57,120,55,121,53,120,54,122,55,125,54,126,53,130,54,130,52,133,51,135,53,135,52,137,48,136,48,137,43,139,40,138,38,140,35,140,32,141,31,145,30,148,30,150,27,148,24,147,20,151,18,151,17,153,17,155,16,154,13,154,10,154,11,152,9,151,7,154,5,156,3,156,0,154,0,155,0,95"> href="../nsw/ibra-chc.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Channel Country');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="86,0,87,0,88,1,88,4,86,5,82,3,82,4,82,5,81,6,75,9,74,10,74,10,71,14,71,16,69,18,68,19,66,20,66,21,66,22,66,22,67,24,67,25,67,27,69,26,68,28,67,31,67,34,70,32,72,32,71,36,68,39,66,45,62,48,60,52,57,54,56,55,55,55,55,60,53,59,52,57,47,55,47,53,50,50,50,48,49,44,45,46,44,50,43,50,40,51,40,55,38,54,35,56,36,58,39,61,37,60,33,62,30,60,28,61,30,63,28,65,27,65,27,69,25,69,26,72,24,75,23,73,20,73,18,68,20,64,18,63,18,62,14,62,14,61,14,60,13,59,12,55,15,48,22,46,22,41,19,39,22,38,22,36,24,35,22,32,23,28,24,29,25,27,26,26,28,25,30,22,30,23,31,24,29,28,27,29,29,28,27,30,32,29,32,30,34,29,37,21,39,18,37,18,38,15,38,15,38,14,36,14,33,6,35,8,36,7,36,6,35,4,36,3,35,1,35,1,37,1,38,2,39,2,41,2,41,0,83,0"> href="../nsw/ibra-cp.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Cobar Peneplain');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="178,164,177,167,179,171,175,174,173,179,171,182,168,179,165,180,160,180,156,180,159,183,161,183,160,188,156,193,154,197,149,201,147,205,148,211,149,212,126,212,124,210,126,205,125,203,126,197,128,196,128,190,129,183,134,187,135,185,135,181,138,182,140,178,138,174,138,169,139,163,136,166,136,171,134,175,131,174,129,169,129,167,128,164,126,162,123,165,124,169,118,171,117,173,114,173,114,171,115,166,112,166,111,165,112,163,113,161,116,165,121,163,124,160,122,157,121,154,123,145,123,144,121,140,117,136,118,139,115,139,115,142,111,145,110,144,108,143,106,144,103,142,104,140,104,138,100,140,94,143,92,141,96,136,92,137,90,136,95,134,97,129,100,125,99,124,101,118,103,119,112,115,114,113,114,106,116,103,114,101,111,98,107,99,110,96,116,95,118,89,125,87,128,87,133,83,136,84,137,85,138,83,142,84,144,83,146,83,146,82,147,82,149,80,152,81,154,80,159,82,164,86,166,90,168,93,167,96,167,99,168,102,170,108,171,119,170,122,171,133,174,142,173,146,176,150,177,152"> href="../nsw/ibra-mdd.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Murray Darling Depression');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="128,187,128,190,127,191,128,196,126,197,127,199,127,202,125,203,126,205,125,207,124,210,120,209,120,207,118,206,118,204,115,203,116,199,116,196,119,191,119,191,120,189,122,188,122,187,123,186,124,186,124,185,128,185"> href="../nsw/ibra-mdd.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Murray Darling Depression');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="115,172,118,174,118,171,122,171,124,170,124,169,123,167,123,164,126,162,126,163,128,163,128,164,128,166,129,167,127,167,128,169,129,169,129,171,131,174,133,173,134,175,136,171,136,164,138,163,139,163,138,167,138,169,138,170,138,174,140,177,139,181,138,182,138,180,136,180,134,183,134,184,135,185,134,187,130,183,129,183,116,175,114,174,114,173"> href="../nsw/ibra-mdd.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Murray Darling Depression');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="18,196,16,194,15,192,16,190,16,188,15,188,16,184,18,179,20,179,19,180,19,181,20,181,20,179,21,177,21,176,20,176,21,175,21,174,19,172,19,171,18,170,20,172,23,171,22,173,24,175,25,175,26,174,27,173,25,170,28,169,29,168,29,167,26,164,29,161,31,162,31,162,34,162,34,165,31,166,30,169,35,174,37,177,38,178,38,179,37,180,35,184,34,184,33,187,27,188,27,189,23,189,22,190,21,193,19,195,18,197,16,199,16,198"> href="../nsw/ibra-mdd.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Murray Darling Depression');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="32,159,32,159,32,157,34,158,34,160"> href="../nsw/ibra-ml.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Mulga Lands');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="233,7,234,7,233,8,231,11,227,11,228,16,225,21,223,23,219,27,202,35,201,37,198,38,185,40,187,38,186,38,181,40,181,35,180,37,176,43,172,50,168,55,164,59,163,66,154,71,147,71,145,72,145,76,136,76,129,83,123,83,120,84,118,84,117,86,102,93,102,95,97,100,92,102,89,100,86,99,88,101,83,110,73,116,71,117,71,115,62,124,58,128,54,122,53,121,56,120,61,115,61,112,65,110,64,108,66,107,68,107,66,105,57,103,60,105,60,105,54,104,51,102,52,98,49,96,52,94,49,92,49,88,49,86,45,84,38,82,36,74,36,75,40,73,45,75,47,75,51,78,52,81,54,80,54,82,56,86,57,87,58,84,52,74,52,68,55,65,57,61,61,61,67,54,74,48,73,44,82,40,82,32,86,28,85,22,81,26,79,21,83,19,79,20,81,11,76,18,74,19,67,20,72,18,73,13,74,10,82,3,88,4,88,0,233,0"> onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Nandewar');return document.MM_returnValue" coords="296,69,293,73,294,80,293,82,292,80,292,80,293,84,294,85,292,88,290,87,286,90,285,86,282,84,281,84,282,86,281,85,280,89,281,95,279,97,278,100,279,102,278,105,281,106,279,112,282,113,280,114,282,121,284,121,285,122,281,121,279,123,281,126,282,125,284,126,286,126,288,129,288,129,290,131,289,134,288,135,289,137,287,136,288,140,287,142,285,142,287,140,284,139,284,142,282,141,282,144,281,147,277,146,270,150,270,147,269,146,268,143,266,138,266,132,267,131,267,130,266,126,265,119,265,117,264,111,264,112,263,117,262,117,262,114,262,111,261,108,262,107,259,102,259,100,257,102,256,100,258,97,256,98,255,98,255,94,255,93,257,90,258,89,259,91,261,90,260,92,261,88,263,85,262,84,263,83,265,80,266,75,267,73,271,73,272,76,274,76,275,79,275,80,278,78,279,78,278,76,277,74,279,72,279,70,281,71,283,70,283,66,284,65,284,65,284,63,286,65,286,62,285,57,289,58,290,57,291,52,294,50,293,49,295,48,296,48,294,45,295,45,297,46,299,43,299,43,299,70"> Copyright

Before you download

Most publications are downloadable as PDF files. Adobe Acrobat Reader  is required to view PDF files.

If you are unable to access a publication, please contact us to organise a suitable alternative format.

Key

   Links to an another web site
   Opens a pop-up window